Nike Marketing Stragety - 3323 Words

Abstract: Different forms of strategy are used in different corporations. Nike has achieved greatness due to their forms of strategy. Nike is known as the top seller of sports shoes and apparel. In such a competitive field, this is close to excellence. To do well in this field requires many inventive and resourceful advertisements and marketing skills. Nike has accomplished this through their great commercials, and other forms of marketing. In this paper, I will define strategy and show Nike s forms of strategy and how their techniques have brought themselves to the top. Table of Contents: IntroductionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…1 Define StrategyÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...4 Advertising for FemalesÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….5 Star†¦show more content†¦The difference between these is that the intended strategy is where the plans are developed for the future, which often comes from patterns of past behavior. The realized strategy happened as the company adjusts to many changes along the way, such as market, competitor, and economic changes. One of Nike s greatest strategies has been to reassess and refine their advertising strategies aimed at female consumers. Nike is one of the first corporations to realize they need to target a greater audience. As opposed to the days when soap operas were the only channel of communication to women, women are now computer literate, employed as professionals, and very mobile. The work force has increasingly employed more women. The number of women in businesses has nearly doubled since the 1960s. Recognizing the vast difference, many companies refine their products to tap the forte of women. Some players in sports equipment are reaching out to women for the first time. Nike is running hard in the women s arena. Young girls are so much more active today than they were just a few years ago. Nike notices this and does a great job of targeting this audience. Sheryl Swoopes, not Michael Jordan or Grant Hill or Shaquille O Neal, has brought several hundreds of young girls out on the basketb all court to learn hoops tips under the basket. This larger-than-life star gained the respect and admiration of many thousands of fans. She has one message:Show MoreRelatedBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pageslargely limited to low-quality, low-price products unsupported by effective packaging or marketing. Given these characteristics, they enjoyed only temporary sales spurts during recessionary times. No more. While still offering so-called price brands, retailers are also increasingly offering private label brands at the high end of the business. Such brands are competitive with national brands in quality and marketing support but have substantial cost advantages - in part because the cost of the brand

The Evident Existence of Races Free Essays

string(25) " areas of the community\." Many sociologists believe that ‘races† do not exist therefore have to find alternative groupings to study racism or patterns of racial disadvantage in the United Kingdom. There exist many differing theories but no finite method of determining the true cause of racism. This dissertation will outline the different theories used by sociologists and attempt to show the patterns of ethnic disadvantage present in Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evident Existence of Races or any similar topic only for you Order Now Racism is thought by many to be the notion that some ethnic groups are naturally superior to others. The Oxford Dictionary†s definition of the word ‘race† is ‘ A group of persons of common stock† ‘Human abilities are determined by â€Å"race†Ã¢â‚¬ . Although ‘Race† and Racism are defined in the oxford dictionary sociologists claim that ‘races† do not exist. They have considered the work of human biologists who in turn have studied the genes of many individuals that are said to be associated with different ‘races†. The results of these studies show that there is no distinctive gene that defines which ‘race† a person belongs to. Blood groups have been examined and results show that while some ‘races† have higher tendencies to certain blood types, no one ‘race† has been found to have one particular blood type unique to their origin. Due to there being no conclusive biological evidence biologists refer to different ‘races† as different populations. Any cultural differences are said to be ethnic differences, not differences in race. There is a belief that if ‘race† does not exist then sociologists can†t rightfully use the term in their study of different populations. It is due to this belief that they must find alternative ways of analysing population differences. The history of ‘race† is important to examine in the attempt to show why ordinary people, known as actors, still think that ‘race† exists. Racism is thought to have always existed. The Romans considered slaves as being inferior to themselves, but there has been no scientific evidence to support claims of superiority. In the early 18th century until early in the 19th century there was a progressive belief that there was basic similarity between all men, that social differences were due to the environment. This view was overridden by the rise of scientific racism where all social differences found previously were labelled and explained as ‘natural†. But again ‘race† has never been a scientific concept. It was due to this that in the 20th century political/moral reasons forced scientific racism into decline and was eventually replaced by cultural racism, which shares the same beliefs. Racism is thought to be a set of beliefs and racial discrimination the set of practices that are synonymous with these beliefs. There are several contrasting views of racism and racial discrimination. The functionalist model looks upon it via the perspective of ‘race† relations, that racism exists due to the creation of bad relations between ‘races†. Due to ‘race† not existing, functionalists study situations that are apparent in society. They look at events which actors define as racial, and by this expedient they examine the processes of racialism. John Rex a radical weberian believes in the conflictional view that competition over scarce resources in different markets is the cause of conflict between Afro-Caribbean†s, Asians and whites in relation to employment and housing (Bulmer et al, 1999:335). He say†s that it is not due to the lower wages which ethnic minorities receive. The Marxist perspective focuses on labour relations. An ideology masking contradiction of capital between capitals† need for free labour and nationalism. Robert Miles, a hard line Marxist believes that class is the determining factor and all inequalities derive from class inequalities. Miles is very much alone in his claim but gives the example of the white working class fearing immigrants due to a rise in unemployment levels and a decline in standard of living. However, Miles states that the immigrants were not the cause of this. He claims that capitalism was. He states many find this hard to see because: ‘We are offered definitions and theories of racism which are so specific to the history of overseas colonisation (that is specific to the domination of ‘white† over ‘black† as so many writers express it) that they are of little value in explaining any other non-colonial) context† (Miles, R (Bulmer et al, 1999:344)) Another Marxist theory focuses on wider relations. ‘Race† has no reality but can be used in analysis, this theory is concerned with racial politics and how they may be independent of class. Marxists who follow this belief say that groupings and conflicts intersect, and may not actually be connected with class. With the term ‘race† being seen as invalid by many people the question has arisen. Are we better to talk about ethnicity rather that ‘race†? Ethnicity is a sense of identity to a group that shares a common history. Ethnic groups are also held together by ties of language, culture and group spirit that are now referred to as nationalism. There are also territorial ties, although many ethnic groups had previously left their homeland they still share a common geographical link. The term ethnicity is often confused with ‘race†, again when talking about ethnicity there have never been boundaries whether cultural or geographical that clearly states the limits of ethnic groups, even though many believe ethnicity is naturally determined. The idea that ethnicity is ‘natural† is said to be ‘wrong†. Ethnic differences are cultural, we all have an identity, though we may not always be conscious of it. There has recently been a revival of ethnic differences followed by reactions to discrimination and racial disadvantage. An example of this is Afro-Caribbean†s beliefs of what Britain would be able to offer them, these beliefs have changed due to certain types of discrimination and disadvantage. Cultural and religious issues can now be seen as more significant than economic inequalities. There are however some problems with ethnicity. Emphasis is placed on difference and cultural issues of power and inequality, therefore, ethnic groups may be seen to be fixed racial groups with another identity. Racial disadvantage in the United Kingdom is visible in many different areas of the community. You read "The Evident Existence of Races" in category "Papers" Employment, education and crime are just a few examples. Throughout employment, horizontal segmentation can be seen to be apparent via clustering. Ethnic minorities are more likely to work for themselves, graduates from these backgrounds tend to do relatively badly, many Asians are self-employed and Afro-Caribbean†s are largely recruited to the private sector. This shows that ethnic or racial factors are involved in stratification in Britain. Within the generalisation that, ethnic minorities are treated less equally, individual successes and inter-group variations are present. This is shown by vertical segmentation, Afro-Caribbean†s being placed at lower levels of employment than Asians. When the ‘The Race Relations Act ‘ was amended in 1976 The Commission for Racial Equality was established to promote racial harmony. This was to try to counter the acts which had been enforced prior to the Race Relations Act of 1965. Such acts, for instance, as the British Nationality Act 1948 and the Commonwealth Act 1962 which where more concerned with restricting immigration than trying to promote good ‘race† relations. In the context of the recruitment of employees, the Race Relations Act 1976 stated that it is unlawful to discriminate: By a company giving racial instructions to a personnel officer or an employment agency. In relation to terms of pay. By rejecting an applicant or refusing to consider him for the post on the basis of race. These laws were enacted in order to try to increase equality in employment. As a mechanism to bring about change to employment rights the Commission for Racial Equality has made extensive recommendations to successive governments including a move to make ethnic monitoring compulsory for all employers with an excess workforce of 250. In the belief that ethnic monitoring is essential for progressing to racial equality. Racial disadvantage has also been found to be present in the theatre of education. Before 1973 it was known that white pupils topped the performance list with Asians and Afro Caribbean†s coming further down. The differences in levels of performance were considered to be related to the duration of the pupils† stay in the UK. Newcomers would have experienced problems adapting to a new way of living and may even have encounter communication problems. Moving on to early 1970†³s – 1980†³s the focus of discrimination in education moved to examine the effects of class and the school at which they enrolled. It was found that ethnic minorities are more likely to go to an underachieving school than their white counterparts due to their class framework, lower income and location. Curriculum was also thought to be a cause of the poor academic findings relating to ethnic minorities. The syllabus that the schools were offering was not relevant to children from ethnic backgrounds, a ‘white curriculum† concentrated on ‘white history† and the history of Britain. This was modified to give a wider education on the history of ethnic countries in an attempt to make studies more relative for ethnic minorities. With these problems tackled, education monitoring in the 1980†³s showed children from ethnic backgrounds to be improving at a faster rate than white children of the same age. Schools support the right of all children to receive quality education and fair treatment. The governing body of education aims to ensure that no one receives less favourable treatment on the grounds of race or any other social/cultural labels. It is believed that racism can be learned from an early age but to control this unwanted learning the children must be taught respect for other people in-order that they might learn ‘rights from wrongs† ‘If segregation of the sexes or races prevails, if authoritarianism and hierarchy dominate the system the child cannot help but learn that power and status are dominant factors in human relationships†¦.If the teacher and the children are each respected units, the lesson for respect for the person will easily register† The Race Relations Act of 1976 again places barriers on education by stating that; ‘By excluding a pupil from the establishment or by treating him unfavourably in any other way† is unlawful. Now in higher education a higher percentage of ethnic children stay on after 16 years old. This is encouraging but fewer now enrol at university, on academic courses and more drop out. This however can no longer be explained due to lack of adjustment since most were born here and therefore need no time to adjust to the a new community or learn a new language. Within the Criminal Justice System racial discrimination also exists. It is understood that black people are far worse off at every stage of law enforcement. They are more likely to be stopped by Police, charged with serious offence, prosecuted, convicted, and imprisoned. They are less likely to be given lenient treatment for example, fined, put on probation, or allowed bail. It has been declared that in 1997 the United Kingdom had one of the highest levels of racist orientated attacks in Europe, and that 1 in 3 British citizens classed themselves as racist (Thompson B., Roots of poison). Racial hatred and prejudice is an example of extremism, when cultural differences start being connected to ‘race† a persistent hatred can occur. Racism, it is argued, is a specific form of discrimination usually associated with skin colour and ethnicity. It involves the use of power of one group over another. When this power is unequal it enables those that share a particular culture to deny others access to opportunities, hence treat them in a racist way. As well as being more inclined to be the perpetrators of crimes, ethnic minorities are also prone to be the victims. These crimes are not however due to ethnic background but are due to the social background of their class. Despite this, people are sometimes ignorant to this fact and state that ethnic crimes are more apparent because they are of an inferior race. A Report by Sir William Macpherson that examined the Lawrence case (in which it was claimed that the police neglected their job because the victim was ‘black†), was published on 24th February 1999. In the report, which was presented to the Government and to the Home Office, McPherson revealed that the problems, which occurred during the case, were the result of Institutional Racism defined as; ‘The collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin† It was said that institutional racism can not be used in the labeling of individuals but must be a label that is associated with the organization as a whole. It is due to the finding of racial disadvantage, that the police have set up ‘Operation Athena† to tackle the problems outlined in the report. The operation aims to improve prevention, awareness, communication, response and the identification of needs in the context of ethnic minorities. The three examples of employment, education and crime are only a selection of the sectors of the community that show racial disadvantage. Although there is no finite definition of ‘race† there has been continual work to improve the social conditions for ethnic minorities. It is hoped that in the future there will be racial harmony between all populations and that ‘true† equality will be gained. How to cite The Evident Existence of Races, Papers

Rate Of Unemployment In Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Rate Of Unemployment In Australia. Answer: Introduction This assignment is about the rate of unemployment in Australia in the last 5 years. Unemployment is a situation when a person, willing to work doesnt get work because of the unavailability of the jobs in the economy. In simpler words unemployment is the number of unemployed people in the economy(Hundal, 2010). A countrys financial stability is measured by various factors one of them is the factor of unemployment, lower the rate of unemployment higher the financial stability of the nation. In this assignment we are going to discuss about the last 5 year records of the unemployment in the Australia. According to the latest news release, the unemployment rate slightly fell down at 5.6% in august 2017(TE Economics, 2015). Unemployment is considered to be one of the most serious problems in any country that affects the performance of the nation as a whole. A major reason for the unemployment is the growth of population, in Australia population is increasing at a low pace but it is increas ing, in 1960 the population was around 10 million, which is now 24.13 million. Every nation wants to deal with the situation of unemployment, but mostly countries fails to cope up with these situations as this problem seems to be small but when we go into the depth of it, it becomes bigger and bigger. However it is not impossible to put an end on this problem, a nation needs to work hard on its policies and economy so that it gets foreign direct investment as well as its own funds to strengthen the infrastructure that will ultimately put an end on the cause of unemployment(Mark, 2013). In this assignment we are going to talk about such policies and strategies which can help in curbing the unemployment. Critical Analysis Now in this section of the project we are going to discuss in detail the issue of unemployment in the last 5 years in Australia. Unemployment is like a deadly disease that any country wants to get rid of. Not even a single country in the whole world has achieved an economy which says full employment is there(Cruise, 2017). However it is almost an impossible thing to do, as unemployment grows as the population grows. If we talk about Australia then Australian population is 24.13million in 2017 and the rate of unemployment is somewhere around 5.6% in august 2017 according to a national news channel. If we talk about the trend of unemployment in Australia in the last 5 years, then it wont be wrong saying that in the year 2012 the unemployment rate was as low as 5%(TE Economics, 2015). The unemployment rate is going to stand at 5.40% by the end of this quarter according to aneconomics website, and by the end of this year this rate will slightly rise to 5.60%. In the year 2014 and 2015 th e unemployment rate was as high as 6.1%, these are the two years in the last five years when the unemployment rate was really high. Most of the eminent economists of the world believe that the situation of full employment is neither practical nor desirable. There are sub-types of unemployment that are explained below(Study you and me, 2014): Frictional Unemployment: Frictional unemployment is the one that cant be avoided at any cost, and it does not harm to the economy of the country. Frictional unemployment is an unemployment which occurs when the workers leave their current job in search for looking up the better job. As said above frictional unemployment is not harmful and it would be appropriate to say that it is required in the economy. Natural Unemployment: Natural unemployment is a combination of frictional, structural and surplus unemployment. Natural employment is that part of an economy which will stay there forever; it cant be put to zero. Even the most powerful economies of the world have natural unemployment in their economic structures. Structural Unemployment: Structural unemployment is a part of natural unemployment, it occurs when the workers dont have the skill that the employer wants in them and robots or machines are chosen over them by the employer in the working process. Long Term Unemployment: Most of the peoples fall in this category. People who are continuously searching for jobs for more than a period of 27 weeks fall into this category. Sadly this situation leads to anger and depression into the peoples which results in the rise of the unemployment and low standard of livings. Cyclic Unemployment: This type of unemployment arises when the recession or contraction phase of business hits the market or the economy and the employer starts cutting out their workforce. Cyclic unemployment is not a part of natural unemployment. Real Unemployment: Real unemployment is not considered to one of the types or sub types of the unemployment. The term real unemployment has been given by the BLS. The unemployment rate in Australia in the last 5 years has been shown through the help of a graph that is presented below, it will not only help the audience to understand it but also it will give all the little details about the unemployment rate in Australia(Melinda Therisa, 2017). Now as the above graph depicts the unemployment rate in the Australia for the last 5 years. In this the year the unemployment rate was as low as 5%, and then it gradually increased by time and each year it increased at a low pace and in the year 2015 the unemployment rate was as high as 6.3, which the Australian economy managed to bring down to 6% by the start of 2016 and further it slipped to 5.6% in the year 2017. Unemployment rates as set by the Federal Reserves are between 5-5.5% that are considered to be the ideal unemployment rate even for the strongest economies of the world(Reserve, 2017). If below or above the employment rates falls or rise then the government of the nation needs to interfere to handle the situation to maintain the economic stability. The Cost of unemployment Unemployment is considered to be a really bad thing in the economy of a nation. Most of the eminent economists of the world have considered the unemployment as an important component of an economy as it cant be totally elevated from the economy(Jaspal, 2014). Even the most powerful of the nations suffers from the unemployment. The cost of unemployment is different to the different sections of the society. The Cost to the Individual: When an individual suffers from the loss of his/her job due to recession or other reasons, it will not hard to imagine the situation. From the very first point when the individual lost his job, his savings, family, daily routine everything will get disturb. If this situation stays for very long then it will ultimately leads to an individual where he will deny for the education opportunities for his childrens and other basic facilities as he will have no money to sponsor anything. The Cost to the Society: When there is prolonged unemployment is in the society then it will not only lowers the standard of living of the people but it will also increase the crime rates in the country. When people will have no jobs and no money they will automatically fall for wrong things in order to feed their empty stomachs and pockets. This situation will not only harm the society financially but it will create a poor image of the nation at an international platform. The Cost to the Country: When the level of unemployment increases, the taxes that the government of a country receives reduces. This will ultimately results in government borrowing funds from other countries and financial institutions(Tendulkar, 2014). Adverse Effects of Unemployment Unemployment, as said is not possible to be erased from the economy, around 5-5.5% rate of unemployment is ideal for every economy. The bad or adverse effects of the unemployment are as under(Harlod, 2012): Abuse of Labor: When the economy of the nation is hit back with a high of unemployment then the big companies or even the mid or small scale firms starts exploiting the labor by hiring them on very low wages that are even against the government standards for low wages. Industrial Disputes: Industrial disputes is the another bad effects of the unemployment. When the employer fires his employees due to recession, it leads to industrial disputes as sometimes the employees moves to employees association or tribunals that look after the interest of the employees(Nanto, 2014). Political Instability: The rise of unemployment not only leads to disputes but also it creates political instability. When the unemployment rate increases the people falling in the same category starts cursing the political or government parties. This leads to political instability in the country(Loius, 2017). Measures to Cope Up With Unemployment Focusing on young people: The government of a country for controlling or elevating unemployment to a great extent must focus on its young peoples. As they are the one who have the future of the country in their hands. Focusing on young people not only control the unemployment but it will also grow the GDP of a nation as the young peoples are willing to do more and more work efficiently and effectively that will help the nation to grow on an international standard(Marky, 2016). Starting your own business: As the unemployment is growing day by day even in strongest of the economies are unable to cope up with the unemployment. The government of the nations is now promoting self employment by giving tax rebates if a person opens up his/her own business. In India, if an individual or a group of people opens up a start up then they needs not to give any tax on the earning of the business for 3 years. By doing this it will curb unemployment by creating more job opportunities. Improving education skills: The government of a nation can provide the benefits of improving education and skills of the unemployed educated peoples. Most of the countries have various centers for skill and education development. The local government authorities can ask the people of their local province to join these courses so that it helps them in finding the right jobs for them(Berth, 2017). Seasonal Unemployment: The industrialists who are into the manufacturing business of those products or services that are seasonal and by the end of their season they cut down their workforce must opt some other manufacturing process in the slack reason, so that the country do not face the problem of unemployment at least from their end. Controlling population: The major cause of unemployment in any country is its population. Bigger the population biggest will be the unemployment. The government should also concentrate on the techniques and schemes to control population, cause large population does not only leads to unemployment but also to many other unwanted problems that lowers the stand of a nation on international levels. Temporary work: If a nation faces unemployment problem more than any other country than it must introduce the scheme of providing temporary work to the person till he/she doesnt gets a suitable job for themselves. These temporary jobs can be provided at low wages that at least allow these temporary workers to fulfill their daily needs of food and shelter. Reducing age of retirement: In most of the countries the age of retirement is around 60-65 and in few of the countries it has been reached to 68. Such long age of retirement also cause unemployment in an economy because the newer peoples dont get chance to work with government or other beneficial departments of the country. A government of a nation must creates a policy that will not only reduces the age of the retirement but it also makes sure that the recruitments for the newer peoples is done timely so that the opportunities to the youth can be given regularly and timely(Jessica, 2014). Illegal Immigration: When a nation faces the problem of illegal immigration, it not only stops at the immigration but they start doing the jobs at very low wages that leads to the loss of jobs to the local peoples. The freshest example of this kind of problem can be seen in Europe. Most of the European countries are facing this problem; Italy, U.K, Finland, Greece and Spain are few examples of such countries that are facing huge illegal immigrants problems(kaneru, 2008). Conclusion After observing all the facts and information given above in the assignment, a detailed and a brief conclusion have been written here to give a final judgment about the unemployment in Australia in the last 5 years. According to the national surveyors the youth unemployment in Australia is only around 13.5% which way less than any other country of the world. Even the normal rate of unemployment in Australia is at 5.40%, it will grow to 5.60% by the end of this quarter and the Australian economy has worked really hard to maintain this rate of unemployment. As per the Federal Reserves the ideal unemployment rate is between 5-5.50%, which Australia has maintained for a long time and the forecast of Australian unemployment says that it will be remain stable by 2020. Australia is performing well at international level and sooner or later it will reduce the unemployment rate from 5.60% to 5%. Most of the worlds eminent economists say that it is not at all possible to totally elevate the un employment and it is not at all recommendable. In the year 1953 the unemployment rate went down to 2.3% after the great Korean War. After which the economy fell down very badly which resulted in the hike of unemployment rate to an unimaginable point. Australian economy is capable of coping up with unemployment and it wont be wrong to say that the Australian economy is currently at an ideal state of unemployment. Bibliography Anon., 2013. Chron. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/major-ethical-issues-business-people-face-20900.html [Accessed 17 feburary 2011]. Bactor, G., 2012. The Benefits of custom made ERP's. The Times of Business, 1(100), p.2. Berth, H., 2017. Unemployment. In K. Sharma, ed. Commerce Industrial Advancement. 2nd ed. Chandigarh: Berth Publishers. pp.123-85. Cruise, B., 2017. Macroeconomics. 10th ed. Bath: London Publishers. Harlod, M., 2012. Deep Study of the Causes of Unemployment. In Anderson, J. Study of Macroeconomics. Sydney: Aussie Publishers. pp.50-86. Hesabras, 2017. Hesabras. [Online] Available at: https://www.hesabras.com/Content/media/filepool3/2017/8/569.pdf [Accessed 1 July 2017]. Hundal, A., 2010. Employment in the city. City Entrepreanuer, 3(5), pp.4-5. Jaspal, R.L., 2014. How Nations Suffers From Unemployment. Mumbai Publishers: Jaspal Publisher. Jessica, 2014. Australian Unemployment Curbing Techniques. Acuity Mag, 6(15), p.7. kaneru, 2008. Ways to Cope Up Unemployment In World. World's Economics, 5(105), p.12. Loius, N., 2017. Project Unemployment. In J. Canadian, ed. Unemployment in different parts of the world. 5th ed. H.D.D Pubslihers. pp.151-200. Mark, B., 2013. Different types of unemployment. 1st ed. belgorold: Miracle Publishers. Marky, K., 2016. South Australia Unemployment Causes. 10th ed. S.A: Mark Bush Publishers and Press. Available at: https://www.southuniversity.edu/whoweare/newsroom/blog/ethical-principles-for-business-38725 [accessed 10 june 2016]. Melinda Therisa, 2017. The Unemployment rates in Australia in last 5 year. Burlgue: Kamydn Publishers. Nanto, S., 2014. Planning Your Pocket In Unemployment. Tokyo Jobs Careers, pp.10-13. Available at: https://jobs.virginia.gov/cd_planning.html [Accessed 2 july 2014]. Reserve, F., 2017. Federal Reserve statment on unemployment. Macro-Economic Graph of World, p.10. Available at: https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/professional-resources/accounting-professional-and-ethical-standards/apes-110-code-of-ethics-for-professional-accountants [Accessed 15 july 2017]. Study you and me, 2014. Study.com. [Online] Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/three-types-of-unemployment-cyclical-frictional-structural.html [Accessed 15 August 2013]. TE Economics, 2015. Trading Economics. [Online] Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/unemployment-rate [Accessed 3 June 2013]. Tendulkar, D., 2014. Unemployment In the World's Strongest Economy. Georgia: Marshall Sons Printing Press.

Strife Roberts Monologue Essay Example For Students

Strife Roberts Monologue Essay A monologue from the play by John Galsworthy NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Strife and Other Plays. John Galsworthy. Arlington: Black Box Press, 2008. ROBERTS: You don\t want to hear me, then? You\ll listen to Rous and to that old man, but not to me. You\ll listen to Sim Harness of the Union that\s treated you so fair; maybe you\ll listen to those men from London? Ah! You groan! What for? You love their feet on your necks, don\t you? You\d like to break my jaw, John Bulgin. Let me speak, then do your smashing, if it gives you pleasure. Am I a liar, a coward, a traitor? If only I were, ye\d listen to me, I\m sure. Is there a man of you here that has less to gain by striking? Is there a man of you that had more to lose? Is there a man of you that has given up eight hundred pounds since this trouble here began? We will write a custom essay on Strife Roberts Monologue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Come now, is there? How much has Thomas given up—ten pounds or five, or what? You listened to him, and what had he to say? None can pretend, he said, that I\m not a believer in principle— —but when Nature says: \No further, \t es going agenst Nature.\' I tell you if a man cannot say to Nature: Budge me from this if ye can!— his principles are but his belly. Oh, but, Thomas says, a man can be pure and honest, just and merciful, and take off his hat to Nature! I tell you Nature\s neither pure nor honest, just nor merciful. You chaps that live over the hill, an\ go home dead beat in the dark on a snowy night—don\t ye fight your way every inch of it? Do ye go lyin\ down an\ trustin\ to the tender mercies of this merciful Nature? Try it and you\ll soon know with what ye\ve got to deal. \T es only by that— —in Nature\s face that a man can be a man. Give in, says Thomas, go down on your knees; throw up your foolish fight, an\ perhaps, he s aid, perhaps your enemy will chuck you down a crust.

CIR (Contemporary Issue and Research) Essays - Free Essays

CIR (Contemporary Issue and Research) Essays - Free Essays ProgrammeBSc Business Management Module nameCIR ( Contemporary Issue and Research) QAA LevelLevel 6 Schedule TermSummer term 2015 Student Reference Number (SRN)1045555 Report/Assignment TitleResearch Proposal Date of Submission (Please attach the confirmation of any extension received)18/08/2015 Declaration of Original Work: I hereby declare that I have read and understood BPPs regulations on plagiarism and that this is my original work, researched, undertaken, completed and submitted in accordance with the requirements of BPP Business School. The word count, excluding contents table, bibliography and appendices, is 1980 words. Student Reference Number:1045555Date: 18/08/2015 By submitting this coursework you agree to all rules and regulations of BPP regarding assessments and awards for programmes. Please note, submission is your declaration you are fit to sit. BPP University reserves the right to use all submitted work for educational purposes and may request that work be published for a wider audience. BPP Business School Title: Administration Services provided at the General Practitioners (NHS England) Introduction Since the year 1948, the NHS (National Health Service) has managed to develop in becoming the largest publicly funded health service in the world. The idea of establishing the NHS was based on providing a better health care and a comprehensive service throughout the country. It was launched on July 5th 1948 by the minister of health, Aneurin Bevan. The NHS underlined 3 of its core values/principles on which they had set their focus to help it develop, it has managed to maintain and develop itself for over more than 60 years based on these three core principles: It should meet the needs and requirements of everyone Treatments should be free of charge when provided Level of treatment based on medical need not on the ability to afford Brief Background The reason this topic has been chosen is because, over time, the GP clinics have been criticised for poor customer service despite being funded by general taxation. Out of all the issues, the prime issue that patients face is when it comes to booking an appointment with their local GPs (general practitioners), regardless if it is a regular check-up or even something serious yet to be diagnosed. It can take up to 18 weeks for patients to get their treatment started. According to the Department of Health, compared to 2010, in April 2011, there were 2,837 more people who had to wait for longer than 126 days in order to get treated. Due to having delays in appointments and not getting treatments started on time, patients tend to switch to private hospitals. However, this solves the problem only for those who can afford private health care or perhaps have their health insured. It still is considered as a concern for those who are financially weak and can only rely on the NHS. With the help of this research, bearing in mind that the NHS is being funded by the government based on a yearly budget, why is the customer service yet inefficient when it is providing health services on a national level? Research Purpose and Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the quality of customer service provided by local GPs clinic. Particularly speaking of administration management in this context, explicitly excluding the medical treatment processes itself, undergoing diagnosis, advanced technology used for treatment and more. The objectives of this research is to identify the key areas as to why management fails in facilitating patients in a structured and efficient procedure before and after treatment. To address and improve areas where there is a gap that leads to inefficiency, despite all staff is highly trained and are less vulnerable to change. Literature Review Quality health care services have always been a challenging task to be provided by all Western democracies (John et al...1998). In the developing and developed economies, health care market has considerably become one of the faster growing service market influenced by factors such as, aging population, growing expectations from patients, innovative treatments, increasing completion in the health sector and innovative technologies. (Andaleeb, 1998, 2001; OConner et al., 2000; Keynote, 2005: World Health Organization (WHO, 2008). The NHS operates facilitating throughout the UK, providing reasonably all sort of health services through local GPs. (John et al...1998). According to the article, it is assessed that in England in one years period of time, there are about 300 million appointments made and attended with local GPs. (KeyNote, 2005). Due to changes in consumer-driven policy

How to Upload the Perfect SAT Picture 10 Key Requirements

How to Upload the Perfect SAT Picture 10 Key Requirements SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're planning to take the SAT, you need to upload a photo of yourself when you register online. Do you know the photo requirements? Did you know that if your picture doesn't meet the SAT photo requirements, you may not be allowed to take the SAT on test day? In this article, I'll thoroughly explain how to make sure that you use an appropriate SAT picture. Also, I'll let you know how to upload your photo, and finally, I'll give you some important tips to remember so you don't have any unforeseen issues test day. Why Do You Need an SAT Picture? The SAT requires a picture to confirm your identity and prevent cheating. The photo requirement ensures that nobody can take the test as somebody else. Your photo will be on your admission ticket and will be checked against your photo ID on test day. Your test center will check to see that the photo and name on your ticket matches the photo and name on your ID, and you should be easily recognizable from your photo. If you don’t have an acceptable photo on your admission ticket, you’re not supposed to be allowed to take the SAT. However, if you’re in 8th grade or below at the time of testing, you don’t have to provide a photo to register. This will be noted on your admission ticket and at the test center. SAT Photo Rules These are the requirements for the photo on your admission ticket. The picture needs to be of you (and only you) and show your entire face (head and shoulders). Here are the specific guidelines: #1: Both of your eyes must be visible. You can’t wear sunglasses or use a picture in which only one of your eyes is showing. Not acceptable #2: You must be the only person in your photo. No group photos, and no photos with your dog. Cute, but not acceptable #3: You have to be recognizable. Make sure that the photo quality is good enough that you’re easily identifiable from your picture. Again, it will be matched with the photo from your ID. #4: You can’t cover your head. You can’t wear a hat or any head covering, unlessit’s for religious purposes. If you wear a religious head covering, you should still show as much of your face as you can. Cool hat, but not cool for your SAT photo #5: You can’t digitally alter your picture. Your picture should look as much like you as possible. Don’t use an Instagram or Snapchat filter. I’m sorry. #6: You must be in focus. No blurry pics. Make sure you’re easily recognizable. Who dat? #7: No dark spots or shadows. Dark spots and shadows will make your face harder to see and recognize. Shadows are bad. Shirts are good. #8: No side profiles. Your face and body should be centered and facing forward. This won't work at all. #9: The pic should be far enough away that your entire face and head can be seen, but close enough that you can’t see more of your body than your shoulders. Way too far #10:To upload your pic, the photo must be in one of these formats: .jpg, .gif, or .png. Fierce and acceptable Tips for Finding or Taking a Picture You can use any recent photo that fits the requirements. School photos or passport photos are likely to work. If you have a physical copy of a photo you want to use, you can scan it and use the picture. Make sure that the scan is high-quality and clear, however. Additionally, when you register online, you can link to your Facebook to add a photo. You’ll be able to crop your pic, but you'll still need to make sure it meets the requirements. Finally, you can always take a new picture. A selfie may work, but it will probably be easier to get a photo that meets all the requirements if you have somebody else take a picture of you. I recommend standing against a blank wall in bright ligh - it might not be the most flattering, but it will ensure your photo follows the rules! If you're taking a photo with a cell phone, the phone should be held vertically. How to Upload Your SAT Picture The SAT photo upload process is pretty simple. If you register online, you’ll upload a digital photo. If you’re using a picture that’s on a phone or camera, you can upload the photo directly from your device, or you can save it on your computer first. To transfer a photo from your device, plug the appropriate USB cord into your computer and phone or camera. Additionally, if you’re transferring your picture from a phone, you can also e-mail the photo to yourself from your phone, and open up the e-mail and picture on your computer. Then, save the picture to your computer. If you have a paper photo, you can scan it and then save it on your computer. After you scan your photo, confirm thatit's of high enough quality to use. You need to be easily identifiable from your picture. When you’re registering, you’ll have the option to upload a photo from your computer or from Facebook. Here's what the SAT photo upload page looks like: Choose the option that you prefer. If you click "Upload from my computer," the files from your computer will appear on your screen. Double click on the picture you want to use, and it will appear in the shaded box. Then, you can crop or rotate your photo to ensure it meets the requirements. Once you're done editing your picture, click "Save Image." If you click "Upload from Facebook," your Facebook photos and albums will appear. Click on the photo you want to use. Again, the picture will appear in the box, and you'll have the option to crop and rotate before you save the image. Just so you can see what it looks like, I selected one of my Facebook photos (a sassy selfie): After clicking "Save Image," you'll see how the photo will look on your admission ticket. If you're satisfied with how your picture looks, you can continue with the registration process. If not, you can select "Upload New Photo." Common Issues and Important Things to Remember The College Boardis so particular about admission tickets and the photos on your admission tickets because these are security measures to help maintain the integrity of the test. You need to follow all the rules so that you’re able to take the test and receive a valid score. Here are some very important reminders for you: Make sure the name on your admission ticket matches the name on your photo ID. Your picture and name from your photo ID is compared to the picture and name on your admission ticket to confirm your identity. If there’s a different name on your ID, the test center won’t be able to effectively confirm your identity and you could be barred from taking your test. When you register online, enter your name exactly as it appears on your ID. Don’t use a nickname or any other name. Don’t forget your admission ticket or photo ID. If you don’t bring your ticket or ID, you won’t be allowed to take the test. The night before, lay out all the stuff you need on test day. You can even make a checklist of things to bring, and make sure you have everything before you head to the test center. Only bring an SAT-approved calculator. You can only use a calculator on one of the two Math sections, and there are restrictions on the types of calculators you can use. Read our article on calculators for more information. Make sure you follow all SAT rules and regulations. The SAT is strict about its rules. Don’t test them. Don’t discuss specific questions while you’re on break or after the test. Only work on the section you’re supposed to be working on. Don’t keep working on a section after time expires. Read ourarticle on SAT rules for thorough information about the rules you need to follow. If you break any of these rules, your score may be cancelled. And if you’re caught cheating, you could be prosecuted. What's Next? Do you need to take the SAT essay? Before you register, find out which colleges require the SAT essay? Are you wondering what SAT score you need to get into your dream college? Check out this article. Finally, if you're preparing for the exam, learn how to ace the SAT. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

1.Women into senior management. Gender communication barriers Essay

1.Women into senior management. Gender communication barriers - Essay Example , from their colleagues also they do not receive a friendly approach rather their â€Å"work lives had been made intolerant by constant harassment.† In her work, Suppressed, Forced out and Fired: How Successful Women Lose Their Jobs, the Reeves (1951, 65) has remarked, while taking about tragic plight of women at workplaces, â€Å"Several of the women faced bullying and eventual termination from more than one job.† There are also various cases, where, â€Å"women were not technically fired or formally made redundant,† (Reeves, 1951, 65) and those victims have described their situation as â€Å"being forced out.† (Reeves, 1951, 65) Many people can argue that such incidents are mostly frequent in the developing nations. The author has studied cases of ten women and most of them were working in developed nations like UK or Australia. The truth behind such observation we understand not only from analysis of the author but also from our daily experiences. There is no denial of the fact that even in job scenario of the 21st century gender discrimination is a major issue and women are mostly victimized under the prevailing patriarchal atmosphere is the companies. Despite their talent, efficiency and commitment for the company, most often, women have to strive more in comparison with their male counterparts to reach the senior managerial level. Even after reaching such height, she cannot communicate with her subordinates properly due to gender communication barrier. According to the social scientists and psychologists basic features or behaviorist approach of a woman does not suit are not in accordance with modern work culture. Since the post globalization period, the private enterprises have expanded to a great extent and the work culture that is followed there, has also affected huge effect even over the public enterprises also. When a person is elevated at the managerial position he or she is supposed to fulfill a lot of job responsibility, managing and planning for his or

Analyze the reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Analyze the reading - Essay Example However, as the natural law demands that each individual respect each other’s space and choices, it is also the requirement of the law that the choice individuals must be within acceptable limits that adhere to ethical and moral expectations. Given the application of the natural law, this analysis paper takes into consideration the theories of blind obedience, antislavery theory, moral truth, natural law ethical theory, and the double effect principle. One exclusion criterion in this paper involves the separation of ethics, morals, and religion. The analysis is philosophical and does not consider ethics and morals as part of religious expectations when considering natural law. In the target text, Second Treatise on Government, the author is observed arguing that the fact that the natural law exists, it is not upon the duty of anyone to be authoritative over one another. Arguing from the creation story from the Holy Bible, the author points that God is the creator of all the universe and controls how humans relate and therefore it not under anyone’s responsibility that humans have to behave in a specific manner dictated by laws and authority. However, when considering the evolution of human ethics and morals, governance developments take into consideration the author’s points that authorities include entities that have the authority and capability of punishing others if found on the wrong side of the law. Law in this case is not natural but takes into consideration the natural law. Since natural law considers everyone equal and having the right to live without being disturbed, the civil law on the other hand aims at controlling how people or members of the society interact with each other as well as punishing those who take the natural law’s rights form others. With the possibility of imprisonment, execution, and hard labor; it is the order of the authorities through constituted law to

The Emerging Issues in Healthcare Finance Essay Example for Free

The Emerging Issues in Healthcare Finance Essay A few decades back, healthcare financiers believed that managed care with capitation was the best policy tool that would help control the ever-increasing health care costs. Instead of focusing on healthcare quality, the administrators focused on the cost per month or per member and the provider organizations which competed for the market share. However, this has changed in the new century as new payment tools have emerged due to innovations in the healthcare marketplace. Currently, healthcare is considered in terms of quality and efficiency as far as purchase and delivery of healthcare are concerned. Capturing these key features of the current healthcare provision, the main objectives of ensuring quality and efficiency has led to the new concept dubbed pay-for-performance. In other literatures, P4P is known as value-based purchasing. P4P is a healthcare payment system that rewards physicians, hospitals and various healthcare providers for their efficiency in healthcare provision. Efficiency in this case is defined in terms of higher quality of healthcare at a relatively low cost (Wu, Nishimi, Kizer, 2005). However, defining quality can be very hard and challenging to most players in healthcare provision and financing. And as various players in healthcare – patients, providers and financiers, seek more direct and timely measures for quality and value, the government has quickly moved in to help set the standards. Through the CMS, the United States federal government has been able to come up with quality indicators (QIs), which are continuously being developed and refined (Rosenthal Richard, 2006). These measures for quality and value are currently available in various Web-based portals which the government hopes will increase consumer awareness. Patients are encouraged to compare facilities used by healthcare providers with those available in the Quality Indicator Web portals. Moreover, services and treatment by providers can also be evaluated against those available in the web showing standard quality measures. As the oversight body, the CMS as mandated by the federal government has established a provider quality reporting system for healthcare. Empowered by the 2006 Tax Relief and Health Care Act, the CMS has put in place the provider quality reporting initiative which rewards physicians and other providers who successfully report their set of quality measures. As a reward the government may recommend bonus payment which is subject to a cap equaling 1. 5 percent of the total amount of Medicare costs within the six months period of reporting (Wu, Nishimi, Kizer, 2005).. The public and private payers have welcomed the value-based performance as an answer to soaring healthcare costs and also a means of ensure quality service to patients. By 2005, about 75 percent of all United States companies had connected at least some of their employee’s pay to work performance and also in healthcare. Currently, over 100 pilot programs undertaken by private and public payers are underway. The current healthcare payment system may reward less-safe services because most insurance companies refuse to compensate for new services and practices intended to reduce errors. Again, the system may also encourage poor workmanship, as hospitals and physicians are allowed to charge additional services required when a patient is infected or injured in the hospital. Pay-for-performance however, tries to avert such loses and has received a lot of support from both public and private payers. American insurance companies hope to save a lot from this program (Rosenthal Richard, 2006).. The healthcare financiers would not only be allowed to pay for quality services by physicians and hospitals but would not be required pay for additional services for unintended consequences of treatment and care like injury in hospital, negligence during surgery and many others as defined by National Quality Forum (Leape Berwick, 2005). The current payers like the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services and Leapfrog Group have learnt from the pilot programs that pay-for-performance greatly affects the outcome and quality of any work and increases performance. These companies are very much optimistic that they would not only reduce cost of healthcare but also ensure that their members receive the best healthcare services. This initiative is expected to attract more private insurance companies to invest in healthcare with hope of increasing the profits and capital base. Many insurance companies may be to offer more comprehensive healthcare coverage to various people as they have would a large capital base due to reduced healthcare costs and therefore a lot to re-invest (Wu, Nishimi, Kizer, 2005). The primary goal of pay-for-performance according to policymakers is to increase quality in healthcare while at the same time reduced financial burden of care (Dudley, 2005). These positives are all pointing to the patients and insurance companies all agree that pay-for-performance would benefit the patients. However, as physicians argue, the P4P system may not be in the best interest of the patient. Insurance companies and other healthcare financiers would be the greatest winners if the pay-for-performance is fully implemented. With the CMS initiative that calls for elimination of payments for negative effects of any medical practices that lead to injuries, other illnesses or even death, other insurance companies that are also willing to undertake such initiative, stand to gain a lot from the P4P system. Considering that doctors may not be perfect all the times and some patients are known to develop new infections even when the best known practices are applied, the healthcare payers would be positively affected by this new payment system (Grossbart, 2006). Lessons from the Research Despite the good intentions of the value-based performance program, the government still faces one of the biggest challenges in its implementation. Implementation of P4P faces challenges of having everyone agree on the quality standards. The quality measures as defined earlier are objective indicators used to evaluate whether physicians are providing high quality healthcare. For example, a doctor may be required to test the A1C levels in diabetic patients four times annually as a quality standard measure. In a pay-for-performance system, physicians who reach this threshold would be compensated appropriately. However, many health providers challenge such indicators by arguing that medical practice is not only an art but also a science and therefore setting up checklists as well as treatment algorithms would be a great disservice to the patients. Again, it is quite common to hear about physicians disagreeing with one another on the appropriate course of medication and treatment that should be adopted by the patients with similar diagnosis and the same medical histories. Therefore if the pay-for-performance system is to be successfully implemented, such disagreements would have to be ironed out first (Grossbart, 2006). It would be quite hard to say the specific impacts of the P4P system in the future as it is still undergoing pilot implementation. Nevertheless, because pay-for-performance is basically focusing on how doctors, hospitals and other various healthcare providers are compensated for their work, an individual patient may not be affected greatly in terms of costs. In the long run if the pay-for-performance is fully and successfully implemented, the greatest beneficiary would be the patient who would receive healthcare at a reduced cost. However, whether the quality of health care would improve quality or not is matter still debated.

Special Education Essay -- Health, Diseases, Autism

Gender According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV, 1994), the category of disorders under which autism falls is pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Autism is often referred to as belonging in a â€Å"spectrum† of disorders. Autism is a severe disorder of communication and behavior. It is a lifelong disorder that usually appears during the first three years of life. It occurs in approximately 15 in 10,000 births, ten percent are classically autistic, the most severe form of autism. Autism is four times more likely to occur in males than females and there is no known cause or cure for autism (Sullivan, cited in Sewell, 1998). Educational Placement Parents and advocates began to challenge the schools to provide their children with the â€Å"most appropriate† education in the â€Å"least restrictive environment† (LRE) (Petch-Hoggan & Haggard, 1999). As defined by IDEA, the â€Å"least restrictive environment provision requires that states assure that, to the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities are educated with children without disabilities.† Removal or separate schooling should only occur when the severity of the child’s disability is such that the general curriculum cannot be modified to meet their educational needs (Sawyer, McLaughlin, & Winglee, 1994, p. 204). Parents of children with autism have rarely been asked their opinions about their ideal educational placement for their child (Kasari, Freeman, Bauminger, & Alkin, 1999). Parental opinions on the proper placement for their child vary greatly and often evoke a wide range of emotions. The decision to place students into full or part-time inclusive environments is often dependent on several factors. The severity or dia... ...ose to have more than two workshops per year, depending on both student need and availability of staff. It is important to consider the latter, as this would be an after school activity, hosted by a committee of volunteer. Research supports the idea that such workshops would benefit students and their families in preparing for this difficult transition. Eckes and Ochoa (2005) also believe workshops would especially help in preparing for postsecondary education. The main idea behind the transition committee is for a variety of individuals from both the school and community to work collaboratively in their efforts to advocate for students in special education and their families may be more comfortable with this process. When they have questions or concerns, there would be a team of trusted individuals that they could feel comfortable turning to for help. Special Education Essay -- Health, Diseases, Autism Gender According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV, 1994), the category of disorders under which autism falls is pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Autism is often referred to as belonging in a â€Å"spectrum† of disorders. Autism is a severe disorder of communication and behavior. It is a lifelong disorder that usually appears during the first three years of life. It occurs in approximately 15 in 10,000 births, ten percent are classically autistic, the most severe form of autism. Autism is four times more likely to occur in males than females and there is no known cause or cure for autism (Sullivan, cited in Sewell, 1998). Educational Placement Parents and advocates began to challenge the schools to provide their children with the â€Å"most appropriate† education in the â€Å"least restrictive environment† (LRE) (Petch-Hoggan & Haggard, 1999). As defined by IDEA, the â€Å"least restrictive environment provision requires that states assure that, to the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities are educated with children without disabilities.† Removal or separate schooling should only occur when the severity of the child’s disability is such that the general curriculum cannot be modified to meet their educational needs (Sawyer, McLaughlin, & Winglee, 1994, p. 204). Parents of children with autism have rarely been asked their opinions about their ideal educational placement for their child (Kasari, Freeman, Bauminger, & Alkin, 1999). Parental opinions on the proper placement for their child vary greatly and often evoke a wide range of emotions. The decision to place students into full or part-time inclusive environments is often dependent on several factors. The severity or dia... ...ose to have more than two workshops per year, depending on both student need and availability of staff. It is important to consider the latter, as this would be an after school activity, hosted by a committee of volunteer. Research supports the idea that such workshops would benefit students and their families in preparing for this difficult transition. Eckes and Ochoa (2005) also believe workshops would especially help in preparing for postsecondary education. The main idea behind the transition committee is for a variety of individuals from both the school and community to work collaboratively in their efforts to advocate for students in special education and their families may be more comfortable with this process. When they have questions or concerns, there would be a team of trusted individuals that they could feel comfortable turning to for help.

Unprofessional Conduct

In 2005 I started working for a school system and right from the start I could see that there was some unprofessionalism in some of the employees there. To me unprofessional means not acting as if you were at you place of business or acting as though you are at home or out with your friends. That is how the persons I worked with acted; however, to me Mrs. Petit did nothing of the sort. She was not at her place of work; she did not harm any students so I see now unprofessionalism. What she was doing was having a life outside of work which I thought we were all as citizens entitled to do. When I think of the word immoral in the context of the teaching profession I think of teachers like the ones I worked with walking around the school building talking badly about the elementary and middle school students they were teaching during school hours. I do think that Mr. or Mrs.  Petit acted immorally in the eyes of the society around them even though they were just living their own lives for which this country was founded, but not to the extent that any harm should have come to them. Was she teaching the children right from wrong? Well yes and no, she taught the children with this mishap that it was right to follow your feelings and to be a leader in society not a follower not to go with the norm, but she also showed that she had no disregard for the laws of the state she lived in by breaking the law for sexual misconduct. I can not even count on my fingers how many teachers I would deem unfit to teach and Mrs. Petit is not one of them. To me being unfit to teach is a person that thinks that yelling at children is a good thing, or a teacher that is willing to put their hands on someone’s child to discipline them, or most of the so called teachers now who believe that teaching the children to past a test is preparing them for life. What Mrs. Petit did can not be deemed as a person who is unfit to teach, she was proven to be an outstanding teacher and never harmed a student, they were very well educated and that is because of her. In this case the board was justified due to the fact that she was arrested for breaking the law which would cause a problem for the community whom would of course be outraged by this. I personally believe that they had no just cause in terminating her employment because there was no harm to the children and she had learned her lesson which she could have used as a basis to discourage not only her students but persons in general from doing things that are illegal. I do not think that what one does in there personal lives as long as it does not in any way transfer into their professional lives should not be the basis for being deemed unfit for their profession or unprofessional in anyway. For example if Mr.  Carter was a teacher and he never did anything to harm his students or co-workers and he went to a club on a Friday night, while at this club he saw a beautiful woman but did not see her face and he walked up behind her and said something like hey beautiful you are looking fine in that dress, the woman turned around at it was a co-worker of his she gets him fired because he made a pass at her while not at work how is this right? What is this teaching the children? It tells them never to try to get a date because it could cost you your job. This example and the story of Mrs. Petit teach children to never have a life outside of work or never get a job that is all it does the rules need to change. The difference between the two cases was that she got arrested and the other person did not. Do I think that it was consistent absolutely not? To me the courts had not taken into consideration that the board did not prove that she was an unfit teacher they just proved that she had been arrested for being an individual having fun. She did not harm any of her students, she did not hurt any of her co-workers, she was not on school property and she did not violate the rules of her contract as a teacher unless those rules state that you can not have a life outside of work and if you are married it must be monogamous. I think that the courts should have stated that the only true reason they could fire her was because she now had a criminal record and even that should have a fine line because she again did not harm anyone not even her husband because he was there and approved. I think that these so called morals in this country are dumb because everyone has their own mind and should be able to decide what is moral and immoral to them without having to live by a standard of anyone else. The only time I think an employer should know what is going on with an employee’s off the job conduct is when it can directly affect their job or bring harm to other people. If the person has committed a real crime such as murder, child abuse, child molestation, rape, if they are being abused themselves, or involved in other illegal dealings. I think that it is high time society got off of their high horses and stop thinking that they can decide how the person next to them lives their lives. People need to stop worrying about what religion other people practice, who marries whom, who is eating what and worry about real issues like why are so many of our children are going to bed hungry, why our children are out here committing crimes instead of getting an education, and why there are so many people in the streets because they can not get a job. Those are real issues and until people realize that everyone is created equal and that our forefathers came to this country to get away from all of the bull crap that was going on elsewhere society will never change it will only get worse. Things will never get better until we as a people better ourselves. No one should be ridiculed for not being as smart as another, for not eating like someone else, for not having the same religion as another, for not being attracted to the sex you think they should be attracted to, or for having an open marriage we were given these minds to think for ourselves not to think like everyone else. The world is not black and white it is a rainbow made up of browns, reds, greens, yellows and every other color so I think everyone should be free to do like my religions states â€Å"harm none, and do what ye will† meaning do what you want as long as you do not harm anyone else. Unprofessional Conduct UNPROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Introduction Andre Hamilton had spent eight years in the United States Air Force. While in the service, he learned how to conduct himself in a professional manner, and he learned to respect others. He wanted to become a manager so he completed a bachelor’s degree in organizational management at the University of LaVerne. After graduating from school, his confidence soared to a point where he felt he was in a position of great demand by potential employers. In 1996, while looking through Sunday’s Press Enterprise newspaper, he saw an ad for a job fair.Thinking of the companies that would be present at the job fair, he decided to attent. The day of the job fair arrived. His interviews came down to two companies, G. M. A. C. and The Office Supply Store. Both interviews went extremely well. On Friday, September 27, 1996, Andre was interviewed by Mrs. Jane Apple from G. M. A. C. , a mortgage company. At the interview, she explained to him the responsib ilities of a loan officer, the position he had applied for. She also asked him questions about what he thought about the company. Mrs.Apple informing him that although the position only paid commisions. Mrs. Apple looked at Andre and said, ‘’You have the job if you want it. ’’ He tried to hard to contain his happiness. He told her he would accept her offer and thanked her for giving him an opportunity. On Monday, September 30, 1996, when he arrived at work, he was greeted and introduced to the staff members and shown around the office. Mrs. Apple told him to relax. Andre began to feel that he had accomplished his goal of becoming a career person with a good job.Everyone was very friendly and seemed happy to be employed at that company. What he enjoyed the most about this organization was the team style of leadership displayed by Mrs. Apple. On Tuesday, October 1, 1996, he had second interview with The Office Supply Store. He was interviewed by Mr. Smith, d istrict manager, and Maria Smith, human resources director. They were very pleasant and energetic and he got the impression that the work environment at The Office Supply Store was the same as at G. M. A. C.After the interview, he was told he had the position and would receive a letter in the mail telling him the information and the store where he would be working. He decided to accept the job offered from The Office Supply Store, because he wanted to move into management. Also at G. M. A. C. , his only income is commision, while at The Office Supply Store, he would have a steady salary. He also likes the close location to his home. The Office Supply Store would train him to manage his own store. On Wednesday, he returned to G. M. A. C. and informed Mrs.Apple that he had been made an offer by The Office Supply Store and he felt it would be a beter opportunity for him. She listened to him and sounded sincere when she informed him that she understood why he had come to his decision. E nding the conversation, she told him that if it didn’t work out at The Office Supply Store, he should call her and she would gladly give him another opportunity. After receiving the letter telling him where to report the work, he arrived at his training store. Andre was to meet with Mrs. Richards, the general manager, who was also his new boss.When he reached the general manager’s office, he introduced himself and informed her that he was sent to this store by district manager to begin his management training. Her face begin to flush. She just stared at him and ‘’Why are you here? You are supposed to be at the orientation meeting’’ she said sharply. He informed her that according to the letter he received from the district manager and gave it to her. She asked him to have a seat in the break area next to her office, while she straightened out the situation over the phone. He began to get angry at the nasty language she was using.He felt this showed a total lack of professionalism. The more he thought about his reception, the angier he became. He even thought about punching her in face or engaging her with some profanity of his own. In looking at possible options he had in this situation, his first option was definitely to punch her in the face, but he knew that would result in trouble with the police. Another option was just the walk out the door, but he took the attitude that he would overcome this and proceeded to convince himself that this was an isolated event.He felt this was the Standard ‘’grin and bear it’’ method of maintaining a job. After he had calmed down, he viewed the situation from a more practical perspective. He told himself that he should probably just start looking for a new job. He decided he should remain silent on this issue, because he had continuously heard people say throughout the years ‘’don’t rock the boat. ’’Finally, the last optio n he thought of was to talk with the district manager about his experience, but the district manager’s natural reaction would be to defend Mrs.Richard’s behaviour, and label him with an attitude problem. So he did nothing. Over the next few weeks, the general manager continued to display the same level of behaviour. Andre even tried to communicate with her as two mature adults. To his disappointment, he felt that she appeared uncaring and uncooperative. The problem which is emphasized in this topic can be explained with main components of attitudes and major job attitudes, responses to dissatisfaction, job rotation, fundamental attribution error, emotional intelligence, and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory.

International order from 1945 to 1969 Essay

Introduction By the end of Second World War in September 1945, world had seen human tragedies and devastation of civilizations on an unprecedented scale. The enormity of disaster had brought complete social, economic and political chaos in the countries involved in the war, requiring long term restoration and rebuilding projects (Cottam and Woodby, 1998). The victorious countries, with the only exception of USA, fared hardly better than the defeated Axis nations. The creation of UNO in 1945 to restore peace and order in the world brought a sense of general relief in world and people felt that after 6 years of intense violence stability and tranquility were returning back. However, almost as the War ended sharp ideological and strategic differences emerged between the two new superpowers, USSR and USA that pushed the world from World War to Cold War. The countries that fought against Axis powers during war years were now polarized against each other in communist and democratic factions pursuing political and strategic agendas against each other. The US led democratic world was wary of the dangers of totalitarian society under the communist rule, as marked in the Stalin’s USSR (Robbins, 1988). As the dangers of communism became manifest, USA realized that its status of a true world-power required it to take effective actions and develop long term plans in promoting the ideals of democracy justice , and liberty that had shaped the free world since past two centuries. The rift between these two opposing factions assumed serious proportions in the Berlin Crisis, Korean War, Cuban missile crisis, Czechoslovakian invasion of USSR and finally Vietnam war; events that defined the period ranging from 1945 to 1969. The Strategic Condition after 1945 The strategic affairs of world saw a revolutionary changeover with the atomic strike on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Laver, 2005). Previous to the atomic age, the strategic considerations generally involved three dimensions of land, sea and air forces. However the post war strategic planning defined defense just in two dimensional terms, where air, land and sea forces were categorized as conventional system and atomic weapons, including atom bombs and atomic missiles constituted the nuclear dimension of the strategy (Laver, 2005). As Laver (2005,) points out, under the new strategic system, the approaches were apparently limited to mere identification of the more appropriate strategy between conventional and nuclear. The real strategic situation however did not unfold itself as simply as it was made to be sound on paper. There were a broad range of issues in creating an optimum strategy and policy in the deployment and use of nuclear weapons within the new international framework that required a total departure from previously established norms and tactics. According to Laver (2005) some of the major issues affecting the new strategic policies were 1. Development of new technology to effectively implement the nuclear option. 2. New defense equipments that meet the nuclear requirements. 3. Mobilizing resources for effectively equipping the armed forces with a perfect combination of conventional and nuclear weapons. 4. Evaluation and measurement of economic, political and social fallouts of nuclear strategies throughout the world. These issues occupied the US foreign and strategic completely, especially in the wake of nuclear buildup in the USSR that created a possible threat of global nuclear catastrophe between the two superpowers. The first American nuclear strategy was forwarded in 1950 that proposed that national defense strategy should be build around the concept of containment. The core of the policy was simple- halting communism through combined conventional and nuclear strength of USA. In 1953, the policy of containment was replaced by policy of deterrence where nuclear option superseded the conventional strategy. However this policy was exposed as inefficient by Henry Kissinger who argued that US lacked sufficient conventional force to check communist expansion throughout the world and that implementing nuclear option towards this end would be catastrophic for the world. The end result, as put forward by Kissinger, would be US inaction and inability to counter the growth of communism (Kissinger, 1957). Kenney recognized the utility of this idea and he established the predominance of conventional strategy over the mindless destructive potentiality of nuclear option. The Vietnam War of 1960s offered US to test its conventional strategy and the incomplete success and the delayed results brought realization that the conventional strategies required further investment of resources and technology in the way of establishing democratic ideals and principles in the world. Cold War is referred to the period from 1945 to 1990 where the strategic conflict and conflicting ideologies of US and USSR that had enveloped world under a continuous shadow of war. The terror of mutual nuclear holocaust was the only factor that prevented both countries from fledging an all out war. Cold War originated due to different political, economic and strategic standings of both USA and USSR after the end of Second World War that created a hostile world environment (Dobson and Marsh, 2001). Three reasons have been put forward to explain the origin of the Cold War. US had emerged as a colossal economic power after the War but it failed to help USSR in building up it war ravaged economy and society, whereas Western Europe received massive funding and help from the US. The second reason was contrasting economic policies and world view of USA and USSR that pitted USA’s democratic and individual ideals against totalitarian and centrally planned philosophy of Soviet Russia. The third major reason was clash of geo-political interest and ambitions of the two superpowers. Driven by the mutual misperceptions and fear of each other’s intentions, ambitions and power, USA and Soviet Russia acted in ways to ostracize each other from their exclusive zones. In 1947 Marshall Plan of USA, that aimed to provide financial assistance in preventing an immanent collapse of Europe, sought to keep USSR out of the entire project. USSR, growing deeply suspicious of USA’s expansionist policies reacted by closing Western access to Berlin, creating first major crisis of the Cold War in 1948. Events unfolded dramatically with US led forces providing airlift to Berlin through 1948 and 1949, USSR responding by closing Western’s access to most of eastern European nations and creation of NATO in 1949 (Dobson and Marsh, 2001). These events firmly sequestrated the two sides and sealed any possible chances of reconciliation. With the outbreak of Korean war in 1950 and USSR’s expansionist policies in South East Asia, USA prepared itself for an all out diplomatic, ideological and if required armed intervention to combat its sworn enemy. The Cold War essentially transformed into a battle of showdown with both the countries trying to outmatch other by trade embargos, increasing efforts of polarization, espionage and technological race to develop greater horde of nuclear weapon and space research. The second major crisis of the Cold War was precipitated in the form of Cuba missile crisis. US intelligence information reported deployment of USSR’s nuclear missile in Cuba with range and payload to strike major US cities and places of strategic importance. There was intense pressure on the then President Kennedy to respond to crisis by military intervention in Cuba. However this step involved risks that the crisis may evolve into a full fledged nuclear war between USA and USSR. Restrain from Kennedy and right diplomatic measures helped to avert a major nuclear disaster. The final episode marking the international order from 1945 to 1969 was civil war in Vietnam in 1965 and the US intervention that led to more than 50, 000 US casualties and international embarrassment for US policymakers. Reference Cottam, M. L, Woodby, S. (1988). The Changing Agenda: World Politics since 1945. Westview Press: Boulder Dobson, A. P. and Marsh, S. (2001). U. S. Foreign Policy since 1945. Routledge: London. Henry Kissinger, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy New York: Harper, 1957, Laver, H. S. (2005). Preemption and the Evolution of America’s Strategic Defense: Parameters. Volume: 35. Issue: 2. Robbins, K. (1988). The World since 1945: A Concise History. Contributors: Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Booker T. washington essays

Booker T. washington essays "Booker T. Washington" written by Alan Schroeder, describes the life, trails and tribulations that were encountered by Booker T. Washington in his journey to becoming one of the most recognized black leaders that our nation has seen. Alan Schroeder is the award-winning author of several American Library Association picture books aside from Booker T. Washington. His works include such books as "Lily and the Wooden Bowl", "Carolina Shout" and "Menty". The first book that he wrote, Ragtime Tumpie" which describes the childhood of Josephine Baker, was chosen as an American Library Association, a booklist Children's Editor's Choice and a Parents Choice award winner. Booker T Washington was Born on April 5, 1856 near Hales' Ford, Virginia to a woman named Jane. The whereabouts and identity of his father are uncertain but it is likely that his father was a white man. Upon his birth, Booker was legal property of James Burroughs. For 9 years Booker lived with his mother and siblings a brother and a sister in a small house on the Burroughs Plantation. When Booker was old enough he began to work feeding the hogs and taking water to the men in the fields. It was around this time that Booker came to realize that he had a desire to learn. On occasion, Booker was sent to walk the daughters of James Burroughs to the local school house, which heightened his desire to learn. In 1861 the civil war began which involved the issue of slavery. The north wanted to abolish while the south wanted to pursue it. On September 22, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which declared that as of January 1, 1863 all slaves living i n the Confederate South were forever be free. In April 9, 1865 Confederate Commander Robert E. Lee surrendered to the north, thus bringing an end to the civil war. Before the end of the war, however, Booker's stepfather, Washington Ferguson has escaped to Malden, West Virginia and by 1865 rai...

Changes in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Changes in the Workplace Essay I believe the work environments can be positive or negative on the psychology health and workplace. The work environment has many properties that can affect both psychological and physical well-being, which is important to understand those aspects of work environments as well as identifying psychosocial characteristics of the workplace, which can affect his or her health. The first step is to create a psychologically workplace, which takes commitment and time to develop a strategy to effect changes at the workplaces to improve the health of all employees. For example: the choices that each person makes and how the individual treats his or her bodies; not only affects the individual health but also the individual mental health, which can be carried over to the workplace causing unwanted stress. Also lack of sleep making it hard to concentrate, irritated with the employees, and unable to do his or her daily tasks that the job requires, which can make the workplace more difficult. Unhealthy diet can make the individual sick and unable to complete the job that’s needs to be done, as well as mental stress that can cause more health problems. Studies on relationships between health and psychology has become more establish in recent years because researchers have provided insight into how an individual’s psychology and health. Such as the individual personalities, personal relationships, and the individual mental and biological processes are all factor in relation to health psychology, which needs to be considered when trying to maintain or to balance his or her health, is to find the correct balance of treatment choices, such as circumstances or other alternative that may be adding to the cause of physical health issues. I believe that lifestyle choices that can affect psychology and health in the workplace can be poor diet. For example: When an individual chooses to skip breakfast in the morning can have a difficult time concentrating, or become ir ritable. The individual may also develop physical symptoms such as headache, dizziness, or nauseas. When the individual becomes irritable, this can lead to lack of communication with other employees as well as loss of production on everyone’s schedule. I also believe when making poor choices can develop problems that can affect the workplace, also leads to psychological, behavioral, and physical difficulties. To enhance health and prevent illness is to improve his or her allover health, even if the changes are  small; it can make a big difference by enhancing his or her health and to prevent illness. For example: having well-balance meals that includes breakfast and a healthy diet can provide energy, which will also lower the risk of certain disease, such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and hypertension. To maintaining a healthy body, and a health weight, is to have a healthy diet and physical activity to decrease the risk for cardiovascular disease, and reducing the heart rate. However, taking care of our body is a big step toward emotional and mental health because the mind and the body are linked to each other, and when the individual improves his or her physical health, well the individual will experience greater mental and emotional well-being (Lifestyle to enhance Health and Prevent Illness). Changes in the Workplace. (2016, Oct 02).

Services Marketing Management - Comparison of two service Essay

Services Marketing Management - Comparison of two service sectors(broad explanation in the assignment criteria section) - Essay Example Traditionally, many service industries both business and non business sectors would not be market oriented, in fact, there are several reasons behind it. Marketing business and non business services include some basic elements as marketing goods. And they should focus on good services by defining their segments and target markets. The four main characteristics can differentiate services marketing from goods i.e. intangibility, inseparability, heterogeneity and perishability. These factors should be followed in an effective manner to make service marketing strategy more good and successful. Wolver Hampton Bus Station is owned and operated by the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive. Under the authority of West Midlands Passenger Transport, they promote and develop public transport across West Midlands. (Transport and travel Research, 2005).This public transport service came into force on 1st October 2002. They work for the benefit and ease for the public in Wolver Hampton and all across West Midlands. They take responsibility to provide effective public transports to its customers. They also promise to provide good and effective service especially for blind and disabled people to make their travel easy and free of hurdles. Because wheelchairs and mobility scooters are increasing in UK, so, they also want to minimize that by providing the people with best and useful way of traveling. Service marketing is basically a concept of providing best services to its users and its customers. This company lacks in this area. They started the bus services but they didn’t provide any satisfactory services to its passengers. Customers are the king because they make the company successful. There were several other issues and problems in Wolver Hampton bus service which really dissatisfied its passengers. In short, this bus service failed to provide good services to their

Compare and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Compare and Contrast - Essay Example Just like in the most art works by Annie lee, the blue Monday painting is faceless, thusi9s done with intention that the audience of the work feel the comfort, humor and the joy of a piece of work. The visual element of the art work shows a woman who seems to be moody and reluctant to get out of bed, this is the typical African American who has woken up felling lazy to catch a bus and head to work. This is makes her work realistic and full of humor. The character in the painting blue Monday has face, in fact most of her works other than this has no faces, she does this so as to bring these part work into life via the body language and the movement of the characters, she thinks that the face might interfere with the intended message, in this painting she knew that each and every person has a personal connection to the experience of a blue Monday upon viewing the painting. The above piece of art is done by Annibale Carracci (1560–1609), thus was during the feminism era in the western countries, the above panting tries to show what make the females different from

Is spanking your child effective discipline or bad parenting Research Paper

Is spanking your child effective discipline or bad parenting - Research Paper Example e people see spanking as an outdated method of punishment or even child abuse, while others view a swat on the bottom as a parents prerogative and if done correctly can be effective. Do you agree with this? Where do we draw the line when it comes to disciplining our children? There has been a huge amount of research on the effectiveness of corporal punishment of animals, but remarkably little on the effectiveness of spanking children. This may be because almost no one feels the need to study it because everyone assumes it is effective. Study after study shows that almost 100 percent of parents with toddlers and young children do hit their children. There seems to be many reasons for the strong supporters of spanking children, but they all seem to be myths. Wikopedia: In its original sense, discipline is systematic instruction intended to train a person, in a craft, trade or other activity, or to follow a particular code of conduct of order. Often, the phrase "to discipline" carries a negative connotation. This is because enforcement of order–that is, ensuring instructions are carried out–is often regulated through some type of punishment. Spanking is the act of striking the buttocks of another person to cause temporary pain without producing physical injury. It generally involves one person striking the buttocks of another person with an open hand. When an open hand is used, spanking is referred to in some countries as slapping or smacking. More severe forms of spanking, such as switching, paddling, belting, caning, whipping, and birching, involve the use of an implement instead of a hand. It is most commonly used to discipline an infant, a child, or a teenager. It generally involves an adult – typically a parent, guardian, or teacher – striking the childs buttocks as punishment for unacceptable behavior. Some countries have outlawed the spanking of children in every setting, but many allow it at least when administered by a parent or guardian. Some

Methods Used in the Bio-Medical Industry

Methods Used in the Bio-Medical Industry In this essay we will be exploring three methods by which materials are either separated, analysed, or both and their relevance and application in the biomedical industry. We will be looking at Electrophoresis, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Gas Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GLC-MS). Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA material based on their size which has applications in DNA forensics. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is a technique used to visually determine what the composition of a live tissue is which has applications in medical science. Gas Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry is a technique used to determine the chemical composition of the substance that is being tested which has applications in blood doping in sports where the blood needs to be chemically analysed for its composition whether it contains banned substances. Chemistry is a very broad subject which has influence in almost every industry. This essay will attempt to cover these three methods knowing that it has only skimmed the surface. The first separation technique that we will discuss is electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is used extensively in biochemical analysis. In particular, it is used in DNA fingerprinting and profiling in the field of forensic science. It can be used to separate, identify and purify proteins and nucleic acids. It can be used with amino acids and peptides obtained when a protein is hydrolysed. This basis for how this method works is that it depends on the fact that all DNA molecules are polar. Thus it is known to be impossible for there to have a compound with the same polarities. Another issue that might be raised is would the mass of the sample affect this separation technique? The answer is yes and no. It will affect it by making the DNA fingerprinting band hard to form. Thus chemists have developed different agarose medium gels for different compounds that have different properties such as pH and mass. The agarose gel can differ in density and pH, for example, to accommodate the differen t types of sample that is being tested. In that way, the effect that mass or even pH might on the result is negated and an accurate result is produced. The DNA of each person is basically similar in its chemical structure. The two strands in the double helix of DNA are held in place via hydrogen bonds between base pairs. The DNA stores the information – call the genes – that provide the genetic blueprints for making proteins. However, there are segments along the DNA molecules which do not seem to carry the instructions needed to make proteins. These bits of DNA are repeated along the DNA molecule. They are called ‘minisatellites’. The number and sequence of these is unique to each person. DNA fingerprinting is based on matching these minisatellite regions of DNA. We inherit half from our mother and the other half from our father. How does it work? Firstly, DNA would be extracted from a sample such as a murder weapon. Next, Restriction enzymes are used to ‘cut’ the DNA molecule at specific places where the same sequences occurs, making smaller fragments for analysis. Because DNA fragments are all negatively charged because of the phosphate groups present them will all move towards the positive electrode in gel electrophoresis. When they move towards the positive electrode in gel electrophoresis, the fragments move at different rates because they have different sizes. And this creates bands. The bands are then made visible by radioactive labelling of the bands with the phosphorus-32 isotope, which causes photographic film to fog. Thus the result is a film that can reveal the positions of the bands and by inference, the identity of the person whose DNA is being tested upon. The analytical technique of electrophoresis is based on separating ions placed in an electric field. If a sample is placed between two electrodes, positively charged ions will move towards a negatively charged electrode. Negatively charged ions will move towards a positively charged electrode. The sample is placed on absorbent paper or on a gel supported on a solid base such as a glass plate. A buffer solution carries the ions along. A buffer solution or medium is used in this method. This is to not only provide a means for the electricity to separate the ions but also as a means to stabilize the pH level because it will affect the movement of ions during electrophoresis. The rate at which the ions move towards the oppositely charged electrode depends, amongst other things, on the size and charge on the ions: larger ions will move more slowly; highly charged ions will move more quickly. Therefore the ions are separated as the electric field is applied. A series of lines or bands on the paper or gel appears once a chemical is applied. Sometimes ultraviolet light is used to show the bands up. The series of bands is called an electropherogram. The bands form a sort of fingerprint as every DNA will show up a different series of bands. In the same way that a thumbprint is uniqu e to a person, these bands made by DNA is unique to every person. A particular limitation is that this experiment does require electricity, an agarose gel medium, a container to store the gel, and it requires a lab free from impurities as it has a high intolerance for contaminants. This may limit the reach of DNA fingerprinting in rural areas or places in third-world countries where access to a biologically clean lab may be difficult. The transport equation for electrophoresis is . C would represent the concentration of the substance undergoing electrophoresis and t wold represent the transport after progressing for a time. This equation explains how time actually affects the concentration of the substance. (Jordan and Mills, 1966) The next technique that we will look at is an analytical technique called the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). NMR is mainly used to diagnose medical problems. The technique of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scanning has been adapted from NMR spectroscopy. The patient is placed inside a body scanner which generates a powerful magnetic field. A computer analyses the radiowaves absorbed by 1H nuclei in successive ‘slices’ of the body, combining these to make a 3-D image of organs inside the body. The reason that a 3D picture of an organ can be produced just by flipping protons in different magnetic environments can be explained as such. By flipping the protons, a magnetic wave is produced. This wave contains energy that can be measured. When scanning the body, the strength and pattern of this wave is hugely affected by the type, density, and weight of the body that is being measured. Different parts of the body will give off a different wave because not all parts of the body are the same. Some parts of the body contain more muscle or bone than other parts. Thus after scanning the body, data is collected from scanning the different parts of the body that yield different results. Computer imaging software then processes the data that has been collected by the MRI machine and produces a 3D image based on the type of data that it receives. In this way NMR can be explained as such. MRI is much safer than high-energy X-ray imaging. As an example of its use, MRI can monitor the success of cancer treatment in reducing the size of tumours. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a widely used analytical technique for organic compounds. NMR is based on the fact that the nucleus of each hydrogen atom in an organic molecule behaves like a tiny magnet. The nucleus of a hydrogen atom consists of a single proton. The proton can spin. This movement of the positively charged proton causes a very small magnetic field to be set up. In NMR the sample is goes to be analysed in a magnetic field. The hydrogen nuclei (protons) either line up with the field or, by spinning in the opposite direction, line up against it. There is a tiny difference in energy between the oppositely spinning 1H nuclei. This difference corresponds to the energy carried by waves in the radiowave range of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. In NMR spectroscopy the nuclei ‘flip’ between the two energy levels. Only atoms whose mass number is an odd number, e.g. 1H or 13C, absorb energy in the range of frequencies that are analysed. The size of the gap between the nuclear energy levels varies slightly, depending on the other atoms in the molecule (the molecular environment). Therefore, NMR can be used to identify 1H atoms in different parts of a molecule. In NMR spectroscopy, we vary the magnetic field as that is easier than varying the wavelength of radiowaves. As the magnetic field is varied, the 1H nuclei in different molecular environments flip at different field strengths. The different field strengths are measured relative to a reference compound which is given a value of zero. The standard compound chosen is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS was chosen because it is an inert, volatile liquid which mixes well with most organic compounds. Its formula is Si (CH3)4, so all its H atoms are equivalent (i.e. they are all in the same molecular environment). TMS only gives one, sharp absorption, called a peak, and this peak is at a higher frequency than most other protons. All other absorptions are measured by their sh ift away from the TMS line on the NMR spectrum. This is called the chemical shift (ÃŽ ´), and is measured in units of parts per million (ppm). The spins within the MRI possess a natural frequency that is proportional to the magnetic field. This is called the Larmor relationship equation. This equation explains the method behind the MRI. Larmor relationship equation ω = ÃŽ ³B Some limitations that can be inferred from data would be that portability, the need for a large amount of electricity, the exclusion of people with tattoos that has ink mixed with metal, people with pacemakers, morbidly obese people, or people who are claustrophobic. Lastly we will look at a separation and analytical technique called the gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer technique. To identify the components in a mixture, it is possible to link a gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) apparatus directly to a mass spectrometer. This combined technique is very sensitive, and any two solutes that can be separated with a time gap of 1 second on a GLC column can be identified almost instantly by the mass spectrometer without the need to be collected. Identification is by comparing the mass spectrum of each solute with the mass spectra of known compounds, using a computer’s spectral database. The generated is complex. There can be many components in a mixture, each with a peak at its particular retention time on the chromatogram, and each peak will generate its own characteristic series of lines in the mass spectrometer. It is possible to combine the chromatogram and the mass spectra to display the data on a 3-D graph. GLC linked to a mass spectrometer is used for analysing complex mixtures. The combined technique is fast and gives reliable results that can identify trace quantities of pollutants, drugs, biochemical molecules and toxins. This means it is used in: forensics, environmental monitoring of pollutants, drug testing in sports, geological and archaeological dating, or even airport security. Gas-liquid chromatography, referred to as GLC, uses partitioning to separate and identify the components in a mixture. How does it work? First, an inert carrier gas such as nitrogen passes in the gas chromatograph to flush the mixture of vapours through the instrument. The mixture to be separated is injected into the instrument through a self-sealing rubber port. Next, an oven heats the injector to vaporise the contents of the mixture, to turn the mixture into a gas if it is not a gas yet. The sample passes through a snail like column oven. After which, the column oven keeps the mixture inside the column in the gaseous state and at a constant temperature. Within the long and thin column there will be a stationary phase, which is often a non-volatile liquid coated onto a solid support. Next, the components of the mixture interact with the stationary phase to different extents, so they move through the column at different rates. Then it passes the sample on to the mass spectrometer to be identified through a tube that is kept at a warm temperature. The stationary phase is an inert carrier gas. This is packed tightly into a column. This has to be forced under pressure through the densely packed column where separation occurs. The tiny solid particles in the column have a very large surface area over which partitioning can occur, resulting in excellent separation. The more polar components in the mixture have a greater relative solubility in the polar solvent. Therefore they are carried through the column faster than components whose molecules are more non-polar (which dissolves better in the non-polar stationary phase in the column). The detector records retention times, i.e. how long it takes each component to pass through the column. The area under each peak recorded is proportional to the amount of solute emerging from the column. For quantitative analysis, the component peaks are first identified and then the area of each is measured. The peaks are roughly triangular in shape so their area follows the area formula. Area is The sample would now go into the mass spectrometer where it will analyse the components of the mixture as they emerge from the column. In the mass spectrometer’s results you can determine the relative proportions of the components of the mixture (from the relative areas of the peaks obtained from the recorded current flow) and the identity of each substance (by matching their mass spectra against a computer database of know spectra (fingerprinting). How does the mass spectrometer separate and identify the gas? First, The vacuum pump first removes unwanted previous sample and air which could interact with the sample by either colliding or reacting with the sample which would contaminate the sample and interfere with the final result. The sample then enters through the sample inlet to proceed to the inside of the mass spectrometer. Next, the sample would enter the vaporisation chamber where a heating coil in the vaporisation chamber converts the sample to a gas if it had not been a gas already. Following that, the sample would proceed into the ionisation chamber where an electron gun bombards electrons at the gaseous sample converting them to positive ions. The equation for this is . The sample at this stage would be go to the accelerator which contains negatively charged electric plates where it accelerates the ions towards the magnetic field. The gaseous ions when approaching the magnetic field would be separated according to t heir mass to charge ratio (). The lighter ions are deflected more, and the heavier ions are deflected less. At the end of the sample’s route is an ion detector where the signal is converted to an electric one. The electric signal is sent to a recorder that interprets this data and plots a graph for analysis because the ions hit the recorder in different positions according to their mass to charge ratio. Lastly, the position where the ions hit the detector plate tells you their relative atomic mass. A practical application for a gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer is in the analysis of urine samples from athletes for banned substances such as steroids or stimulants or even in medical research to separate peptides and proteins. Some advantages of using this method in separating and analysing the sample is that it is possible to determine the percentages of dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in blood samples as small as 1.0 cm3. Some of the disadvantages are that similar compounds will have similar retention times and if a newly discovered compound is detected it will not have a match in the computer’s database of retention points. As a conclusion, electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer are techniques that affect everyday life. Electrophoresis has a useful function in helping to match the DNA from a crime scene to the criminal in cases where more evidence were need to convict the right person. The nuclear magnetic resonance machines have a the ability to form a 3D image of your inner body and that is useful in the case where detailed analysis of patients in a hospital is important. Other techniques for analysis are mostly either too invasive or too slow. Last but not least is the gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer whose function is to separate compounds to analyse the composition. 1